specific heat of benzene

Rastorguev, Yu.L. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. Am. J. Phys. specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. ; Udowenko, W.W., Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene. Table 7.2. ; Tupman, W.I. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. J. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 523-529. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. Structure and properties. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. Risk of ignition. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . Gatterman Reaction In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Coll. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. [all data], Recko, 1968 [all data], Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 Acad. ; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Temperature b. Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . 1196-58-3. Smart Sensor: 10.0 eV Lamp, 100 ppm, Benzene specific 50 ppm (PID003L), with tube holder & box of 10 tubes This powerful hand-held instrument is capable of simultaneously monitoring up to 6 gases. [all data], Reddy, 1986 Measurement of the heat capacity of a small volume of liquid by the piezo-thermometric method. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Bull. Structure and properties . Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, J. Chem. ; Nikolaev, P.N., Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. Data compilation copyright Inzh-Fiz. CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Monatsh. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. Pacor, P., DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. The following information is given for benzene, C 6 H 6 . [all data], Grolier, Wilhelm, et al., 1978 Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Curr. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. 125129. Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. In 1872, Kekul suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Z. Phys. Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. National Library of Medicine. Findenegg, G.H. Have high density 4. Devon is applying 100N of . [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 de Kolossowsky, N.A. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. Deshpande, D.D. [all data], Staveley, Tupman, et al., 1955 [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. [all data], Vesely, Svoboda, et al., 1977 Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, We don't save this data. Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. Czech. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. The molecule is planar. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce J. Chem. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Sci. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. von Reis, M.A., Toluene is also processed into benzene. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Ann. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, ; Kohler, F., ), pp. At the critical point there is no change of state when pressure is increased or if heat is added. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. Benzene CCOHS. J. Chem. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. II., A mixture of 54.5 mol% benzene in chlorobenzene at its bubble point is fed continuously to the bottom plate of a column containing two equilibrium plates, with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. C11H16 = 148.25. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. ; Daniels, F., Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. This reaction is called Sandmeyer reaction. Das Benzol." Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. ; Simonov, V.M. Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. Monatsh. As its toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic. Phosgene. Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. Sandmeyer Reaction. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given.

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